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Browse publications by intervention

Click +++ to expand or --- to collapse each level in this classification. Classes with "n.e.c." are "not elsewhere classified".

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• +++ All interventions
• +++ 10. Crop management
• +++ 10.10. Selecting and preparing the planting material
• +++ 10.10.10. Selecting the planting material
• +++ 10.10.10.TT. Selecting a different type of planting material
• --- 10.10.10.TT.10. Planting a different crop (e.g., cassava vs maize)
• --- 10.10.10.TT.20. Planting a different variety/cultivar (e.g., a disease-resistant variety)
• +++ 10.10.10.TT.30. Planting materials of a different quality (e.g., longer vs shorter cuttings, or older vs younger stored seeds)
• --- Planting materials that are disease-free
• --- Planting materials from a different source (e.g., a different farm or different part of the mother plant)
• --- 10.10.10.TT.40. Planting seeds vs cuttings (i.e. sexual vs asexual propagules)
• --- 10.10.10.TT.NEC. Planting a different type of planting material, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.10.20. Preparing the planting material
• +++ 10.10.20.TC. Preparing the planting material (vs control)
• --- 10.10.20.TC.10. Cutting, scraping, or trimming before planting
• --- 10.10.20.TC.20. Grafting
• +++ 10.10.20.TC.30. Inoculating with microorganisms before planting (e.g., biofertilizers or biological control agents)
• --- Inoculating with bacteria (including rhizobacteria) before planting
• --- Inoculating with fungi (including mycorrhizae) before planting
• --- 10.10.20.TC.40. Treating with heat or cold before planting (e.g., storing planting materials at different temperatures)
• --- 10.10.20.TC.50. Treating with light or darkness before planting
• +++ 10.10.20.TC.60. Treating with chemicals or water before planting
• --- Treating with desiccant before planting (e.g., drying seeds)
• --- Treating with water before planting (e.g., soaking seeds or cuttings)
• --- Treating with hormones before planting (e.g., rooting hormone)
• --- Treating with nutrients before planting (e.g., nitrogen)
• --- Treating with fungicide before planting
• --- Treating with herbicide before planting
• --- Treating with pesticide before planting
• --- 10.10.20.TC.NEC. Preparing the planting material (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.10.20.TT. Preparing the planting material using a different method/tool
• --- 10.10.20.TT.NEC. Preparing the planting material using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.20. Planting crops (including intercropping/polyculture/agroforestry)
• +++ 10.20.10. Planting crops
• +++ 10.20.10.TC. Planting crops (vs control; i.e. vs abandoning farmland; also see "using crop rotations" for fallows)
• --- 10.20.10.TC.NEC. Planting crops (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.20.10.TT. Planting crops using a different method/tool
• +++ 10.20.10.TT.10. Planting in a different location/environment
• --- Planting in a different agro-climatic context (e.g., climate type or soil type)
• --- Planting in a different landscape context (e.g., near natural habitat, near a mining area, or in a polluted site)
• --- Planting in a different local context (e.g., a larger field vs a smaller field, or sloping land vs flat)
• --- Planting using an artificial structure (e.g., in a polytunnel or under a shade net)
• --- 10.20.10.TT.20. Planting at a different time (i.e. earlier vs later, but not year vs year)
• --- 10.20.10.TT.30. Planting in a different substrate (e.g., planting in mounds, ridges, or raised beds; also see "landscaping" and "tilling")
• --- 10.20.10.TT.40. Planting at a different density or spacing (including planting in rows vs broadcasting or planting rows in different orientations)
• +++ 10.20.10.TT.50. Planting at a different depth
• --- Planting below the surface of the soil (e.g., using dibbing sticks or seed drills vs broadcasting)
• --- 10.20.10.TT.60. Planting in a different orientation (e.g., planting cuttings horizontally vs vertically)
• --- 10.20.10.TT.70. Planting using machinery (e.g., vs planting using hand tools)
• --- 10.20.10.TT.NEC. Planting using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.20.20. Intercropping/polyculture (e.g., agroforestry or companion planting)
• +++ 10.20.20.TC. Intercropping/polyculture (vs control; i.e. polyculture vs monoculture)
• --- 10.20.20.TC.10. Intercropping/polyculture with non-woody plants (including ground cover during the growing season; e.g., push-pull with companion plants)
• --- 10.20.20.TC.20. Intercropping/polyculture with woody plants (agroforestry, including alley cropping and shade cropping)
• --- 10.20.20.TC.NEC. Intercropping/polyculture, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.20.20.TT. Intercropping/polyculture using a different method/tool/species
• --- 10.20.20.TT.NEC. Intercropping/polyculture using a different method/tool/species, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30. Managing crop growth (also see "pathogen, pest, and weed management" and "fertilizing and irrigating")
• +++ 10.30.10. Thinning/pruning crops
• +++ 10.30.10.TC. Thinning/pruning crops (vs control)
• --- 10.30.10.TC.NEC. Thinning/pruning crops (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.10.TT. Thinning/pruning crops using a different method/tool
• --- 10.30.10.TT.NEC. Thinning/pruning crops using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.20. Supporting/training crops
• +++ 10.30.20.TC. Supporting/training crops (vs control)
• --- 10.30.20.TC.NEC. Supporting/training crops (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.20.TT. Supporting/training crops using a different method/tool
• --- 10.30.20.TT.NEC. Supporting/training crops using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.30. Pollinating crops (also see "providing resources for pollinators")
• +++ 10.30.30.TC. Pollinating crops (vs control)
• --- 10.30.30.TC.10. Pollinating crops by hand
• --- 10.30.30.TC.20. Using managed pollinators (e.g., honey bee hives)
• --- 10.30.30.TC.NEC. Pollinating crops (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.30.TT. Pollinating crops using a different method/tool
• --- 10.30.30.TT.NEC. Pollinating crops using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.40. Regulating crop growth with chemicals (e.g., hormones; also see "fertilizing and irrigating")
• +++ 10.30.40.TC. Regulating crop growth with chemicals (vs control)
• --- 10.30.40.TC.NEC. Regulating crop growth with chemicals (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.30.40.TT. Regulating crop growth using a different method/tool/chemical
• --- 10.30.40.TT.NEC. Regulating crop growth using a different method/tool/chemical, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.40. Harvesting crops
• +++ 10.40.10. Harvesting crops
• +++ 10.40.10.TC. Harvesting crops (vs control; i.e. vs leaving crops in the field)
• --- 10.40.10.TC.NEC. Harvesting crops (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.40.10.TT. Harvesting crops using a different method/tool
• --- 10.40.10.TT.10. Harvesting crops at a different time
• +++ 10.40.10.TT.20. Harvesting crops using machinery (e.g., vs harvesting using hand tools)
• --- Harvesting crops using different machines (e.g., larger, wider, heavier)
• --- 10.40.10.TT.NEC. Harvesting crops using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.50. Managing crop rotations, cover crops, crop residues, and fallows
• +++ 10.50.10. Managing crop residues (also see "tilling the soil")
• +++ 10.50.10.TC. Destroying/removing crop residues (vs control; i.e. vs retaining crop residues)
• --- 10.50.10.TC.10. Burning crop residues
• --- 10.50.10.TC.20. Desiccating crop residues using herbicide
• --- 10.50.10.TC.30. Removing crop residues from the field
• --- 10.50.10.TC.NEC. Destroying/removing crop residues (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.50.10.TT. Destroying/removing crop residues using a different method/tool
• --- 10.50.10.TT.NEC. Destroying/removing crop residues using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.50.20.TC. Incorporating crop residues into the soil (vs control; also see "tilling the soil")
• --- 10.50.20.TC.NEC. Incorporating crop residues into the soil (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.50.20.TT. Incorporating crop residues into the soil using a different method/tool/species
• --- 10.50.20.TT.NEC. Incorporating crop residues into the soil using a different method/tool/species, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.50.20. Using crop rotations (including cover crops in the non-growing season; also see "intercropping/polyculture")
• +++ 10.50.20.TC. Using crop rotations (vs control)
• --- 10.50.20.TC.10. Rotating cash/food crops with different cash/food crops
• --- 10.50.20.TC.20. Rotating cash/food crops with cover crops (not including intercropping in the growing season)
• --- 10.50.20.TC.30. Rotating cash/food crops with fallows or temporary grasslands/pastures (not including cover crops)
• --- 10.50.20.TC.NEC. Using crop rotations (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.50.20.TT. Using a different method/tool/species for crop rotations
• --- 10.50.20.TT.10. Using a different species for crop rotations (e.g., different species in planted fallows)
• --- 10.50.20.TT.20. Using a different timing for crop rotations (e.g., growing the main crop every two years vs every four years)
• --- 10.50.20.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/species for crop rotations, n.e.c.
• +++ 10.60. Managing crops after harvesting (post-harvest management)
• +++ 10.60.10. Storing crops
• +++ 10.60.10.TC. Storing crops (vs control; i.e. vs using crops as food, feed, fuel, etc.)
• --- 10.60.10.TC.NEC. Storing crops (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 10.60.10.TT. Storing crops using a different method/tool
• --- 10.60.10.TT.NEC. Storing crops using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• --- 10.NEC. Crop management, n.e.c.
• +++ 20. Soil, water, and land management
• +++ 20.10. Preparing land for planting
• +++ 20.10.10. Clearing land for planting (also see "retaining semi-natural habitats")
• +++ 20.10.10.TC. Clearing land for planting (vs control; e.g., vs retaining semi-natural habitat)
• --- 20.10.10.TC.NEC. Clearing land for planting (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.10.TT. Clearing land for planting using a different method/tool (e.g., slash-and-burn vs bulldozer)
• --- 20.10.10.TT.NEC. Clearing land for planting using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.20. Landscaping (e.g., making terraces or digging drainage ditches)
• +++ 20.10.20.TC. Landscaping (vs control)
• --- 20.10.20.TC.NEC. Landscaping (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.20.TT. Landscaping using a different method/tool
• --- 20.10.20.TT.NEC. Landscaping using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.30. Plowing
• +++ 20.10.30.TC. Plowing (vs control; i.e. vs no tillage)
• --- 20.10.30.TC.NEC. Plowing (vs control; i.e. vs no tillage), n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.30.TT. Plowing using a different method/tool
• --- 20.10.30.TT.10. Contour plowing (e.g., on slopes)
• +++ 20.10.30.TT.20. Plowing less (e.g., conservation tillage/minimum tillage/reduced tillage)
• --- Plowing less frequently
• --- Plowing less deeply
• --- Plowing less quickly
• +++ 20.10.30.TT.30. Plowing more (e.g., ripping/subsoiling to reduce compaction)
• --- Plowing more deeply
• +++ 20.10.30.TT.40. Plowing using machinery (i.e. vs hand tools)
• --- Plowing using lightweight/small machinery
• --- 20.10.30.TT.50. Plowing using a different tool (e.g., disc harrow vs moldboard plow)
• --- 20.10.30.TT.NEC. Plowing using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.40. Preparing the planting bed (e.g., making raised beds)
• +++ 20.10.40.TC. Preparing the planting bed (vs control)
• --- 20.10.40.TC.10. Making mounds, ridges, or raised beds
• --- 20.10.40.TC.20. Making planting holes
• --- 20.10.40.TC.NEC. Preparing the planting bed (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 20.10.40.TT. Preparing the planting bed using a different method/tool
• --- 20.10.40.TT.NEC. Preparing the planting bed using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 20.20. Fertilizing and irrigating
• +++ 20.20.10. Applying fertilizer and soil amendments
• +++ 20.20.10.TC. Applying fertilizer and soil amendments (vs control)
• --- 20.20.10.TC.10. Applying ash
• --- 20.20.10.TC.100. Applying synthetic/mineral/inorganic fertilizer (including N, P, K, and other nutrients)
• +++ 20.20.10.TC.20. Applying beneficial microorganisms (biofertilizer)
• --- Inoculating the soil with bacteria (including rhizobacteria)
• --- Inoculating the soil with fungi (including mycorrhizae)
• --- 20.20.10.TC.30. Applying biochar
• +++ 20.20.10.TC.40. Applying compost
• --- Adding composted manure
• --- Adding composted municipal waste
• --- Adding composted plants
• --- Adding compost, n.e.c.
• --- 20.20.10.TC.50. Applying lime or another source of calcium
• +++ 20.20.10.TC.60. Applying manure
• --- Applying liquid manure (slurry)
• --- Applying solid manure
• --- 20.20.10.TC.70. Applying sewage sludge
• +++ 20.20.10.TC.80. Applying mulch (also see "managing crop residues")
• --- Mulching with organic matter (e.g., straw)
• --- Mulching with synthetic material (e.g., plastic)
• --- 20.20.10.TC.90. Applying nitrification inhibitor
• --- 20.20.10.TC.NEC. Applying fertilizer and soil amendments (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 20.20.10.TT. Applying fertilizer and soil amendments using a different method/tool/material
• --- 20.20.10.TT.10. Using a different amount of amendment/fertilizer (e.g., using the recommended rate of fertilizer)
• +++ 20.20.10.TT.20. Using a different method of applying an amendment/fertilizer
• --- Applying the fertilizer in a different place (e.g., injecting vs spreading; fertilizing planting holes; using band application)
• --- Applying the fertilizer at a different time (e.g., split application)
• +++ 20.20.10.TT.30. Using a different type of amendment/fertilizer or mixture
• --- Using a different type of synthetic/mineral/inorganic amendment/fertilizer (e.g., different N:P:K ratio; liquid vs solid)
• --- Using an organic amendment vs a synthetic/mineral/inorganic amendment/fertilizer
• --- Using a mixture of organic and inorganic amendments/fertilizers
• --- Using a different type of organic amendment/fertilizer (e.g., liquid vs solid manure; different types of compost)
• --- 20.20.10.TT.NEC. Applying fertilizer and soil amendments using a different method/tool/material, n.e.c.
• +++ 20.20.20. Irrigating
• +++ 20.20.20.TC. Irrigating (vs control; i.e. vs rainfed cropping)
• --- 20.20.20.TC.10. Using drip irrigation
• --- 20.20.20.TC.20. Using flood irrigation
• --- 20.20.20.TC.30. Using furrow irrigation
• --- 20.20.20.TC.40. Using sprinkler irrigation
• --- 20.20.20.TC.50. Increasing rainfall (rainmaking)
• --- 20.20.20.TC.NEC. Using irrigation (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 20.20.20.TT. Irrigating using a different method/tool/type of irrigation water
• --- 20.20.20.TT.10. Using a different amount of irrigation water
• +++ 20.20.20.TT.20. Using a different method of irrigating (e.g., flood vs drip)
• --- Irrigating at a different time
• --- Irrigating in a different place
• +++ 20.20.20.TT.30. Using a different type of irrigation water
• --- Using recycled irrigation water
• --- 20.20.20.TT.NEC. Irrigating using a different method/tool/type of irrigation water, n.e.c.
• --- 20.NEC. Soil, water, and land management, n.e.c.
• +++ 30. Pathogen, pest, and weed management (see other categories for cultural control, host plant resistance, and habitat management)
• +++ 30.10. Pathogen control (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and viruses)
• +++ 30.10.10. Biological control of pathogens (introducing biocontrol agents, not including plants)
• +++ 30.10.10.TC. Biological control of pathogens (vs no biological control)
• --- 30.10.10.TC.10. Introducing biological control agents for pathogens (including biopesticides)
• --- 30.10.10.TC.NEC. Biological control of pathogens (vs no biological control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.10.10.TT. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of pathogens
• --- 30.10.10.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of pathogens, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.10.20. Chemical control of pathogens
• +++ 30.10.20.TC. Chemical control of pathogens (vs no chemical control)
• --- 30.10.20.TC.10. Using a fungicide or mixture of fungicides
• --- 30.10.20.TC.NEC. Chemical control of pathogens (vs no chemical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.10.20.TT. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of pathogens
• --- 30.10.20.TT.10. Using a different amount of fungicide
• +++ 30.10.20.TT.20. Using a different method of applying fungicide
• --- Fumigating the soil
• --- 30.10.20.TT.30. Using a different type of fungicide or mixture of fungicides
• --- 30.10.20.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of pathogens, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.10.30. Physical/mechanical control of pathogens
• +++ 30.10.30.TC. Physical/mechanical control of pathogens (vs no physical/mechanical control)
• +++ 30.10.30.TC.10. Destroying diseased plants in the field (i.e. roguing)
• --- Burning diseased plants in the field
• --- Burying diseased plants in the field
• --- 30.10.30.TC.20. Removing diseased plants from the field
• --- 30.10.30.TC.NEC. Physical/mechanical control of pathogens (vs no physical/mechanical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.10.30.TT. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of pathogens
• --- 30.10.30.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of pathogens, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.20. Invertebrate pest control (e.g., insects and mites)
• +++ 30.20.10. Biological control of invertebrate pests (introducing biocontrol agents, not including plants)
• +++ 30.20.10.TC. Biological control of invertebrate pests (vs no biological control)
• --- 30.20.10.TC.10. Introducing biological control agents for invertebrate pests (including biopesticides)
• --- 30.20.10.TC.NEC. Biological control of invertebrate pests (vs no biological control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.20.10.TT. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of invertebrate pests
• --- 30.20.10.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of invertebrate pests, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.20.20. Chemical control of invertebrate pests
• +++ 30.20.20.TC. Chemical control of invertebrate pests (vs no chemical control)
• +++ 30.20.20.TC.10. Using a pesticide or mixture of pesticides
• --- Using organic pesticide
• --- 30.20.20.TC.20. Using a chemical deterrent/repellent
• --- 30.20.20.TC.30. Using a chemical trap/lure (e.g., pheromone traps)
• --- 30.20.20.TC.40. Using soap and water as a spray
• --- 30.20.20.TC.NEC. Chemical control of invertebrate pests (vs no chemical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.20.20.TT. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of invertebrate pests
• --- 30.20.20.TT.10. Using a different amount of the chemical
• --- 30.20.20.TT.20. Using a different method of applying the chemical
• --- 30.20.20.TT.30. Using a different type of chemical or mixture of chemicals
• --- 30.20.20.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of invertebrate pests, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.20.30. Physical/mechanical control of invertebrate pests
• +++ 30.20.30.TC. Physical/mechanical control of invertebrate pests (vs no physical/mechanical control)
• --- 30.20.30.TC.10. Destroying/removing invertebrate pests by hand
• --- 30.20.30.TC.20. Using pressurized sprays (e.g., water cannons)
• --- 30.20.30.TC.30. Using physical/mechanical traps (e.g., sticky traps)
• --- 30.20.30.TC.40. Excluding invertebrate pests from crops (e.g., netting or other barriers)
• --- 30.20.30.TC.NEC. Physical/mechanical control of invertebrate pests (vs no physical/mechanical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.20.30.TT. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of invertebrate pests
• --- 30.20.30.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of invertebrate pests, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.30. Vertebrate pest control (e.g., birds and mammals)
• +++ 30.30.10. Biological control of vertebrate pests (introducing biocontrol agents, not including plants)
• +++ 30.30.10.TC. Biological control of vertebrate pests (vs no biological control)
• --- 30.30.10.TC.10. Introducing biological control agents for vertebrate pests
• --- 30.30.10.TC.NEC. Biological control of vertebrate pests (vs no biological control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.30.10.TT. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of vertebrate pests
• --- 30.30.10.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of vertebrate pests, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.30.20. Chemical control of vertebrate pests
• +++ 30.30.20.TC. Chemical control of vertebrate pests (vs no chemical control)
• --- 30.30.20.TC.10. Using a poison or mixture of poisons
• --- 30.30.20.TC.20. Using a chemical deterrent/repellent
• --- 30.30.20.TC.NEC. Chemical control of vertebrate pests (vs no chemical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.30.20.TT. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of vertebrate pests
• --- 30.30.20.TT.10. Using a different amount of the chemical
• --- 30.30.20.TT.20. Using a different method of applying the chemical
• --- 30.30.20.TT.30. Using a different type of chemical or mixture of chemicals
• --- 30.30.20.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of vertebrate pests, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.30.30. Physical/mechanical control of vertebrate pests
• +++ 30.30.30.TC. Physical/mechanical control of vertebrate pests (vs no physical/mechanical control)
• +++ 30.30.30.TC.10. Excluding vertebrate pests from crops (e.g., netting or fencing)
• --- Fencing crops
• --- Netting crops
• +++ 30.30.30.TC.20. Repelling vertebrate pests from crops
• --- Guarding crops
• --- Using bird scarers or other bird deterrents
• --- 30.30.30.TC.NEC. Physical/mechanical control of vertebrate pests (vs no physical/mechanical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.30.30.TT. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of vertebrate pests
• --- 30.30.30.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of vertebrate pests, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.40. Weed control
• +++ 30.40.10. Biological control of weeds (introducing biocontrol agents, not including plants)
• +++ 30.40.10.TC. Biological control of weeds (vs no biological control)
• --- 30.40.10.TC.10. Introducing biological control agents for weeds (including bioherbicides)
• --- 30.40.10.TC.NEC. Biological control of weeds (vs no biological control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.40.10.TT. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of weeds
• --- 30.40.10.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/species for biological control of weeds, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.40.20. Chemical control of weeds
• +++ 30.40.20.TC. Chemical control of weeds (vs no chemical control)
• --- 30.40.20.TC.10. Using a herbicide or mixture of herbicides
• --- 30.40.20.TC.NEC. Chemical control of weeds (vs no chemical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.40.20.TT. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of weeds
• --- 30.40.20.TT.10. Using a different amount of herbicide
• --- 30.40.20.TT.20. Using a different method of applying herbicide
• --- 30.40.20.TT.30. Using a different type of herbicide or mixture of herbicides
• --- 30.40.20.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool/chemical for chemical control of weeds, n.e.c.
• +++ 30.40.30. Physical/mechanical control of weeds (also see "soil" for "tilling" and "mulching")
• +++ 30.40.30.TC. Physical/mechanical control of weeds (vs no physical/mechanical control)
• --- 30.40.30.TC.10. Cultivating (i.e. disturbing the surface of the soil to destroy weeds)
• --- 30.40.30.TC.20. Mowing (i.e. cutting down weeds)
• --- 30.40.30.TC.30. Weeding (i.e. uprooting weeds by hand)
• --- 30.40.30.TC.NEC. Physical/mechanical control of weeds (vs no physical/mechanical control), n.e.c.
• +++ 30.40.30.TT. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of weeds
• --- 30.40.30.TT.10. Cultivating using machines (e.g., vs cultivating using hand tools)
• --- 30.40.30.TT.NEC. Using a different method/tool for physical/mechanical control of weeds, n.e.c.
• --- 30.NEC. Pathogen, pest, and weed management, n.e.c.
• +++ 40. Non-crop habitat management in farmland
• +++ 40.10. Grazing in non-crop habitats
• +++ 40.10.10. Excluding grazers from non-crop habitats
• +++ 40.10.10.TC. Excluding grazers from non-crop habitats (vs control)
• --- 40.10.10.TC.10. Fencing
• --- 40.10.10.TC.NEC. Excluding grazers from non-crop habitats (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.10.10.TT. Excluding grazers from non-crop habitats using a different method/tool
• --- 40.10.10.TT.NEC. Excluding grazers from non-crop habitats using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.10.20. Using grazers to manage non-crop habitats (i.e. introducing grazers)
• +++ 40.10.20.TC. Using grazers to manage non-crop habitats (vs control)
• --- 40.10.20.TC.NEC. Using grazers to manage non-crop habitats (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.10.20.TT. Using grazers to manage non-crop habitats using a different method/tool/species
• --- 40.10.20.TT.10. Using a different type of grazer in non-crop habitats (e.g., traditional breeds)
• --- 40.10.20.TT.20. Using fewer grazers in non-crop habitats (i.e. lower stocking rates)
• --- 40.10.20.TT.30. Using less intensive grazing in non-crop habitats (e.g., seasonal grazing vs continuous grazing)
• --- 40.10.20.TT.NEC. Using grazers to manage non-crop habitats using a different method/tool/species, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.20. Mowing in non-crop habitats
• +++ 40.20.10. Mowing in non-crop habitats
• +++ 40.20.10.TC. Mowing in non-crop habitats (vs control)
• --- 40.20.10.TC.NEC. Mowing in non-crop habitats (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.20.10.TT. Mowing in non-crop habitats using a different method/tool
• --- 40.20.10.TT.10. Mowing at a different time or with a different frequency
• --- 40.20.10.TT.20. Mowing closer to the ground
• --- 40.20.10.TT.30. Mowing using machines (e.g., vs mowing using hand tools)
• --- 40.20.10.TT.NEC. Mowing in non-crop habitats using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.30. Planting non-crop species (e.g., buffer strips, flower strips, and hedgerows)
• +++ 40.30.10. Planting in field margins or terrace edges (also see "intercropping/polyculture")
• +++ 40.30.10.TC. Planting in field margins or terrace edges (vs control)
• --- 40.30.10.TC.10. Planting buffer strips/contour strips (i.e. to reduce runoff/erosion)
• --- 40.30.10.TC.20. Planting flower strips (non-woody vegetation; i.e. as resources for wildlife)
• --- 40.30.10.TC.30. Planting hedgerows/shelterbelts/windbreaks (woody vegetation)
• --- 40.30.10.TC.NEC. Planting in field margins or terrace edges (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.30.10.TT. Planting in field margins or terrace edges using a different method/tool/species
• --- 40.30.10.TT.NEC. Planting in field margins or terrace edges using a different method/tool/species, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.30.20. Planting in other non-crop habitats in farmland (e.g., riparian areas)
• +++ 40.30.20.TC. Planting in other non-crop habitats (vs control)
• --- 40.30.20.TC.NEC. Planting in other non-crop habitats (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.30.20.TT. Planting in other non-crop habitats using a different method/tool/species
• --- 40.30.20.TT.NEC. Planting in other non-crop habitats using a different method/tool/species, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.40. Providing resources for pollinators, natural pest-control species, and other wildlife
• +++ 40.40.10. Providing food for wildlife (also see "planting flower strips")
• +++ 40.40.10.TC. Providing food for wildlife (vs control)
• --- 40.40.10.TC.10. Providing artificial honeydew (e.g., for hover flies)
• --- 40.40.10.TC.NEC. Providing food for wildlife (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.40.10.TT. Providing food for wildlife using a different method/tool/food
• --- 40.40.10.TT.NEC. Providing food for wildlife using a different method/tool/food, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.40.20. Providing structures/features for wildlife
• +++ 40.40.20.TC. Providing structures/features for wildlife (vs control)
• --- 40.40.20.TC.10. Providing perches (e.g., for birds)
• +++ 40.40.20.TC.20. Providing cavities (e.g., nest boxes)
• --- Providing bird boxes
• --- Providing bat boxes
• --- Providing nesting boards for bees
• +++ 40.40.20.TC.30. Providing soil features for wildlife (e.g., beetle banks)
• --- Providing bare soil (e.g., for ground-nesting bees)
• --- Providing beetle banks
• --- 40.40.20.TC.40. Providing water features for wildlife (e.g., ponds)
• --- 40.40.20.TC.NEC. Providing structures/features for wildlife (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.40.20.TT. Providing structures/features for wildlife using a different method/tool/material
• --- 40.40.20.TT.NEC. Providing structures for wildlife using a different method/tool/structure, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.50. Retaining non-crop habitats in farmland
• +++ 40.50.10. Retaining artificial habitats in farmland (e.g., old buildings or walls)
• +++ 40.50.10.TC. Retaining artificial habitats in farmland (vs control; e.g., vs destroying habitats)
• --- 40.50.10.TC.NEC. Retaining artificial habitats in farmland (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.50.10.TT. Retaining artificial habitats in farmland using a different method/tool
• --- 40.50.10.TT.NEC. Retaining artificial habitats in farmland using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.50.20. Retaining semi-natural habitats in farmland (e.g., forest fragments or riparian areas)
• +++ 40.50.20.TC. Retaining semi-natural habitats in farmland (vs control; e.g., vs clearing land for planting)
• --- 40.50.20.TC.NEC. Retaining semi-natural habitats in farmland (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.50.20.TT. Retaining semi-natural habitats in farmland using a different method/tool
• --- 40.50.20.TT.NEC. Retaining semi-natural habitats in farmland using a different method/tool, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.60. Restoring non-crop habitats in farmland (also see "landscaping", "planting in non-crop habitats", etc.)
• +++ 40.60.10. Restoring artificial habitats in farmland (e.g., old buildings or walls)
• +++ 40.60.10.TC. Restoring artificial habitats in farmland (vs control)
• --- 40.60.10.TC.NEC. Restoring artificial habitats in farmland (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.60.10.TT. Restoring artificial habitats in farmland using a different method/tool/material
• --- 40.60.10.TT.NEC. Restoring artificial habitats in farmland using a different method/tool/material, n.e.c.
• +++ 40.60.20. Restoring semi-natural habitats in farmland (e.g., forest fragments or riparian areas)
• +++ 40.60.20.TC. Restoring semi-natural habitats in farmland (vs control)
• --- 40.60.20.TC.NEC. Restoring semi-natural habitats in farmland (vs control), n.e.c.
• +++ 40.60.20.TT. Restoring semi-natural habitats in farmland using a different method/tool/species
• --- 40.60.20.TT.NEC. Restoring semi-natural habitats in farmland using a different method/tool/species, n.e.c.
• --- 40.NEC. Non-crop habitat management, n.e.c.
• +++ 50. Integrated management, n.e.c.
• --- 50.10. Integrated pest management, n.e.c.
• --- 50.20. Integrated soil management, n.e.c.
• --- 50.30. Organic farming, n.e.c.
• --- 50.40. Precision farming, n.e.c.
• --- 50.NEC. Integrated management, n.e.c.

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